Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the included patients
Overall (n = 7525) | Hallucination (n = 625) | No hallucination (n = 6900) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 63.7 (51.1–74.1) | 61.4 (47.8–72.2) | 64.0 (51.5–74.2) | < 0.001 |
Male gender—no. (%) | 4619/7519 (61.4) | 386 (61.8) | 4233/6894 (61.4) | 0.928 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.7 (24.0–32.2) | 27.0 (23.9–31.8) | 27.8 (24.0–32.3) | 0.438 |
APACHE III | 48.0 (35.0–64.0) | 55.0 (39.0–73.0) | 47.0 (34.2–63.0) | < 0.001 |
ANZROD | 2.4 (0.7–10.0) | 4.1 (1.3–16.1) | 2.3 (0.7–9.4) | < 0.001 |
Type of admission—no. (%) | 0.155 | |||
Medical | 3854/7522 (51.2) | 337/624 (54.0) | 3517/6898 (51.0) | |
Surgical | 3668/7522 (48.8) | 287/624 (46.0) | 3381/6898 (49.0) | |
Admitted from mental health facilities—no. (%) | 27 (0.4) | 4 (0.6) | 23 (0.3) | 0.278 |
Planned admission—no. (%) | 2255 (30.0) | 152 (24.3) | 2103 (30.5) | 0.001 |
MET call admission—no. (%) | 1300/7524 (17.3) | 116/624 (18.6) | 1184 (17.2) | 0.376 |
Cardiac arrest—no. (%) | 198/7514 (2.6) | 14/624 (2.2) | 184/6890 (2.7) | 0.603 |
Acute renal failure—no. (%) | 216/7471 (2.9) | 47/621 (7.6) | 169/6850 (2.5) | < 0.001 |
Alcohol withdrawal—no. (%) | 4/7325 (0.1) | 1/605 (0.2) | 3/6720 (0.0) | 0.292 |
Admission diagnosis—no. (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Cardiovascular | 2492/7522 (33.1) | 142/624 (22.8) | 2350/6898 (34.1) | |
Gastrointestinal | 1280/7522 (17.0) | 176/624 (28.2) | 1104/6898 (16.0) | |
Gynaecological | 14/7522 (0.2) | 1/624 (0.2) | 13/6898 (0.2) | |
Haematological | 68/7522 (0.9) | 8/624 (1.3) | 60/6898 (0.9) | |
Metabolic | 459/7522 (6.1) | 40/624 (6.4) | 419/6898 (6.1) | |
Musculoskeletal/Skin | 159/7522 (2.2) | 17/624 (2.8) | 142/6898 (2.1) | |
Neurological | 642/7522 (8.5) | 59/624 (9.5) | 583/6898 (8.5) | |
Renal/Genitourinary | 361/7522 (4.8) | 19/624 (3.0) | 342/6898 (5.0) | |
Respiratory | 1078/7522 (14.3) | 73/624 (11.7) | 1005/6898 (14.6) | |
Sepsis | 708/7522 (9.4) | 54/624 (8.7) | 654/6898 (9.5) | |
Trauma | 261/7522 (3.5) | 35/624 (5.6) | 226/6898 (3.3) | |
ICU source of admission—no. (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Emergency department | 1779 (23.6) | 129 (20.6) | 1650 (23.9) | |
Operating room | 3645 (48.4) | 287 (45.9) | 3358 (48.7) | |
Ward | 1215 (16.1) | 106 (17.0) | 1109 (16.1) | |
ICU other hospital | 149 (2.0) | 28 (4.5) | 121 (1.8) | |
Other hospital | 724 (9.6) | 74 (11.8) | 650 (9.4) | |
ICU same hospital | 6 (0.1) | 1 (0.2) | 5 (0.1) | |
Other | 7 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (0.1) | |
Co-existing disorders—no. (%) | ||||
Diabetes | 1059/1344 (78.8) | 87/114 (76.3) | 972/1230 (79.0) | 0.475 |
Chronic lung disease | 737 (9.8) | 58 (9.3) | 679 (9.8) | 0.725 |
Chronic cardiovascular disease | 339 (4.5) | 34 (5.4) | 305 (4.4) | 0.228 |
Cirrhosis | 560 (7.4) | 84 (13.4) | 476 (6.9) | < 0.001 |
Chronic kidney disease | 679 (9.0) | 69 (11.0) | 610 (8.8) | 0.068 |
Chronic immune disease | 192 (2.6) | 20 (3.2) | 172 (2.5) | 0.288 |
Immunosuppression | 585 (7.8) | 54 (8.6) | 531 (7.7) | 0.391 |
Hepatic failure | 104 (1.4) | 15 (2.4) | 89 (1.3) | 0.031 |
Lymphoma | 83 (1.1) | 6 (1.0) | 77 (1.1) | 1.000 |
Metastatic cancer | 330 (4.4) | 28 (4.5) | 302 (4.4) | 0.919 |
Leukemia | 153 (2.0) | 14 (2.2) | 139 (2.0) | 0.657 |
Bipolar disorder | 90 (1.2) | 19 (3.0) | 71 (1.0) | < 0.001 |
Schizophrenia | 117 (1.6) | 30 (4.8) | 87 (1.3) | < 0.001 |
Organ support—no. (%) | ||||
ECMO | 17/5193 (0.3) | 4/467 (0.9) | 13/4726 (0.3) | 0.060 |
Vasopressor or inotropes | 2697/5195 (51.9) | 305/467 (65.3) | 2392/4728 (50.6) | < 0.001 |
Invasive ventilation | 3906/6334 (61.7) | 415/556 (74.6) | 3491/5778 (60.4) | < 0.001 |
Non-invasive ventilation | 343/5224 (6.6) | 33/469 (7.0) | 310/4755 (6.5) | 0.626 |
Renal replacement therapy | 489/5331 (9.2) | 107/486 (22.0) | 382/4845 (7.9) | < 0.001 |
Laboratory tests | ||||
pH | 7.38 (7.32–7.43) | 7.36 (7.30–7.42) | 7.38 (7.32–7.43) | < 0.001 |
PaO2/FiO2 | 305 (212–400) | 280 (190–386) | 309 (215–403) | < 0.001 |
PaCO2, mmHg | 40 (35–45) | 41 (36–45) | 40 (35–45) | 0.464 |
Lactate, mmol/L | 2.1 (1.5–3.2) | 2.4 (1.7–4.2) | 2.0 (1.4–3.1) | < 0.001 |
Highest creatinine, µmol/L | 91 (69–138) | 102 (72–165) | 91 (69–135) | < 0.001 |
Lowest platelet, × 109/L | 176 (125–239) | 160 (99–233) | 177 (126–239) | < 0.001 |
Vital signs | ||||
Lowest MAP, mmHg | 65 (59–72) | 65 (58–71) | 65 (59–73) | 0.124 |
Highest RR, breaths/min | 20 (15–25) | 20 (16–25) | 20 (15–25) | 0.190 |
Highest temperature, ºC | 37.2 (36.7–37.6) | 37.3 (36.8–37.8) | 37.2 (36.6–37.5) | < 0.001 |
Urine output, mL | 1509 (1085–2140) | 1435 (921–2025) | 1517 (1095–2150) | 0.002 |