Fig. 1

Study design. A randomized, double-blind, controlled cross-over trial in eight participants investigated at two study visits separated by ≥ 14 days washout period. At the first visit, participants were randomized to receive an intravenous infusion of either weight-adjusted half-molar sodium lactate (LAC) infusion or hypertonic sodium chloride (SAL). At the second visit, participants received the opposite treatment compared with the first visit. Serial echocardiographic evaluation and blood samples were collected before the infusion and at 60, 120, and 240 min during infusion