Table 1 Patients´ characteristics N = 38

Number (n)

38

19

19

Male, n (%)

24 (63.2)

13 (68.4)

11 (57.9)

0.501

Age, years, mean ± SD (IQR)

74.6 ± 5.5 (70.3–79.8)

75.1 ± 5.4 (71.5–79.5)

74.1 ± 5.9 (70–78)

0.587; 1 [− 2.7;4.7]

Height, cm, mean ± SD (IQR)

168.7 ± 10 (161.8–176.8)

170.1 ± 9.1 (164–178)

167.4 ± 11.2 (158–176)

0.422; 2.68 [− 4.02;9.39]

Weight, kg, mean ± SD (IQR)

84.5 ± 19.3 (74–94.3)

84 ± 18.8 (75–91)

85.1 ± 20.7 (68–97.5)

0.871; − 1.05 [− 14.08;11.98]

BMI, mean ± SD(IQR)

29.5 ± 5.5 (21.3–50.8)

29 ± 6.2 (21.3–50.8)

29.9 ± 4.9 (23–40.4)

0.595; − 0.97 [− 4.64;2.7]

Euro-Score, %, mean ± SD (IQR)

9 ± 2.8 (7–10.8)

8.9 ± 2.9 (8–10)

9.1 ± 2.9 (6.5–11.5)

0.867; − 0.16 [− 2.06;1.74]

ASA, n (%)

0.547

 3

3 (7.9)

1 (5.3)

2 (10.5)

 4

35 (92.1)

18 (94.7)

17 (89.5)

NYHA, n (%)

0.335

 NYHA 1

2 (5.3)

1 (5.3)

1 (5.3)

 NYHA 2

13 (34.2)

4 (21.1)

9 (47.4)

 NYHA 3

17 (44.7)

11 (57.9)

6 (31.6)

 NYHA 4

6 (15.8)

3 (15.8)

3 (15.8)

EF (ejection fraction) < 35%, n (%)

6 (15.8)

3 (15.8)

3 (15.8)

1.000

Type of surgery, n (%)

0.723

 Bypass

5 (13.2)

2 (10.5)

3 (15.8)

 Heart valves replacement/reconstruction

6 (15.8)

2 (10.5)

4 (21.1)

 Combination

10 (26.3)

6 (31.6)

4 (21.1)

 Other

17 (44.7)

9 (47.4)

8 (42.1)

Duration of surgery, min, mean ± SD(IQR)

323.8 ± 108.2

(170–722)

331.2 ± 93

(193–722)

316.4 ± 121

(170–522)

0.682

14.84 [− 58.13;87.82]

Duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, min, mean ± SD (IQR)

162.6 ± 87.6

(70–559)

163.4 ± 61.7

(85–559)

161.8 ± 107.4

(70–329)

0.957

1.58 [− 57.62;60.78]

Comorbidities, n (%)

 Diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent)

7 (18.4)

2 (10.5)

5 (26.3)

0.219

 Stroke

2 (5.3)

(0)

2 (10.5)

0.292

 Liver dysfunction

4 (10.5)

2 (10.5)

2 (10.5)

0.703

 Renal insufficiency

37 (97.4)

19 (100)

18 (94.7)

0.468

Stage 1 (GFR > 89 ml/min)

1 (2.6)

(0)

1 (5.3)

0.772

Stage 2 (GFR 60–89 ml/min)

13 (34.2)

7 (36.8)

6 (31.6)

Stage 3 (GFR 30–59 ml/min)

23 (60.5)

12 (63.2)

11 (57.9)

 Coagulopathy

9 (23.7)

5 (26.3)

4 (21.1)

0.703

Cardiovascular diseases

 Congestive heart failure

15 (39.5)

6 (31.6)

9 (47.4)

0.319

 Cardiac arrhythmias

19 (50)

11 (57.9)

8 (42.1)

0.33

 Previous cardiac surgery

6 (15.8)

3 (15.8)

3 (15.8)

1.000

SOFA Score at ICU admission, mean ± SD (IQR)

7.8 ± 1.9 (7–9)

7.5 ± 1.9 (7–8.5)

8.2 ± 2 (7–10)

0.287; − 0.68 [0.6;− 1.97]

ARF Score, mean ± SD (IQR)

4.1 ± 1.6 (3–5.8)

3.7 ± 1.7 (2.5–5)

4.4 ± 1.6 (4–6)

0.246; − 0.63 [0.45;− 1.72]

NuDesc Score, mean ± SD (IQR)

0 ± 0 (0–0)

0 ± 0 (0–0)

0 ± 0 (0–0)

Cytokine levels and plasmaproteins

 IL-6, pg/ml, mean ± SD (IQR)

13.8 ± 8.2 (9.2–15.7)

13.7 ± 6.9 (9.2–16)

13.8 ± 9.8 (8.9–15.7)

0.715^# − 0.15 [5.42;− 5.72]

 IL-2, pg/ml, mean ± SD (IQR)

10 ± 3 (7.6–13)

8.6 ± 2 (7.6–8.3)

11.4 ± 3.2 (7.9–14.2)

0.026^#; − 2.87 [− 1.11;− 4.62]

 IL-8, pg/ml, mean ± SD (IQR)

13 ± 4.9 (9.8–15.2)

13.5 ± 4.4 (10.6–15.5)

12.6 ± 5.5 (9.6–14.7)

0.457^#; 0.86 [4.15;− 2.43]

 IL-10, pg/ml, mean ± SD (IQR)

10.4 ± 7.6 (5.6–13.1)

9.3 ± 4.6 (5.8–11.9)

11.5 ± 10 (5.5–13.2)

0.456^#; − 2.23 [2.88;− 7.35]

 TNF-alpha, pg/ml, mean ± SD (IQR)

7.5 ± 0.9 (6.9–8.2)

7.6 ± 0.9 (7.2–8.2)

7.5 ± 1 (6.6–8.2)

0.838^#; 0.13 [0.75;− 0.49]

 C3, ng/ml, mean ± SD (IQR)

3626.8 ± 2322.6

(1757.7–5748.6)

3503.6 ± 2355.2

(1621–5835.8)

3750.1 ± 2410.3

(2021.9–5246.8)

0.752; − 246.52

[1321.42;− 1814.47]

 Free haemoglobin, mg/ml, mean ± SD (IQR)

5 ± 4.5 (1.8–6.4)

3.8 ± 2.9 (1.9–4.6)

6.2 ± 5.6 (1.8–9.5)

0.280^#; − 2.38 [0.56;− 5.32]

 Myoglobin, ng/ml, mean ± SD (IQR)

45 ± 21.6 (24.9–59.8)

50.1 ± 23.6 (24.9–65)

40 ± 19.4 (24.9–48.5)

0.206^#; 10.06 [24.26;− 4.14]

 Haptoglobine, mg/dl, mean ± SD (IQR)

131 ± 58.2 (87.3–170.8)

116.8 ± 55.9 (74.5–158.5)

145.2 ± 59.9 (103–177)

0.139; − 28.43 [9.7;− 66.55]

 Fibrinogen, mg/dl, mean ± SD (IQR)^a

332.2 ± 77.8 (280–390)

333.3 ± 69.7 (275–377.5)

331.1 ± 88.7 (285–395)

0.931; 2.28 [55.37;− 50.81]

 Syndecan-1, ng/ml, mean ± SD (IQR)

52.7 ± 54.2 (19.1–56.8)

63 ± 63.7 (20.4–62.4)

42.4 ± 43.8 (17.2–53.6)

0.313^#; 0.36 [0.97;− 0.24]

 Hyaluronan, ng/ml, mean ± SD (IQR)

132.6 ± 44.8 (107.7–142.8)

128.4 ± 30.7 (107.7–142.7)

136.7 ± 57.1 (108.7–147.9)

0.988^#; 20.7 [56.68;− 15.29]