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Table 1 Randomized-controlled nutrition studies in critically ill patients reporting a difference in renal secondary endpoints (for specifics see text)

From: The kidney: the critical organ system for guiding nutrition therapy in the ICU-patient?

Study/ Akronym/ Pub-Year First author

Main rationale of the study

Reported renal outcome (secondary endpoint)

PermiT Study 2015 Arabi YM [2]

Early permissive underfeeding vs. full nutrition

Higher rate of AKI requiring RRT in full nutrition

Intensive Insulin therapy 2001/ 2008, secondary analysis Schetz M. [13]

Normoglycemia vs. liberal glucose control

Higher rate of AKI during hyperglycemia

TGC-Fast Trial 2023 Gunst J. [15]

Normoglycemia vs. liberal glucose control without parenteral nutrition

Higher rate of AKI and RRT-requirement during hyperglycemia

Nephroprotective Trial 2015 Secondary analysis Zhu R. [28]

High vs. low amino acid intake and renal function

Lower risk of AKI, need of RRT and mortality if no baseline renal injury with high dose amino acids

REDOXS-Trial 2013/ 2015 Secondary analysis Heyland DR. [32]

High dose glutamine vs. placebo

Higher mortality of AKI-2–3 not requiring RRT with high dose glutamine

EFFORT Protein Trial 2023 Heyland DR. [33]

High vs. low protein intake

Higher mortality of AKI not requiring RRT with high protein intake

EPaNIC Study, 2011/2013 Secondary analysis Gunst J. [37]

Early vs. late parenteral nutrition

Higher rate of AKI and longer requirement of RRT in early parenteral nutrition