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Table 1 Baseline characteristics, comorbidities, clinical illness severity, respiratory support at hospital admission; treatments and outcomes of patients stratified by subphenotypes

From: Phenotyping COVID-19 respiratory failure in spontaneously breathing patients with AI on lung CT-scan

 

Overall

Subphenotype 1

Subphenotype 2

p value

Reason of hospital admission

Respiratory failure, n (%)

559 (100)

156 (28)

403 (72)

–

Baseline characteristics

BMI, kg/m2; mean (standard deviation), N = 171

27.7 (4.6)

27.4 (5.2)

27.8 (4.3)

0.572

Sex, F (%)

196 (35)

58 (37)

138 (34)

0.514

Time between admission and CT scan, days; median (IQR)

0 (0;0)

0 (0;0)

0 (0;0)

0.138

Comorbidities

  

COPD, n (%)

28 (5)

12 (8)

16 (4)

0.070

Asthma, n (%)

27 (5)

7 (5)

20 (5)

0.814

Congestive heart failure, n (%)

26 (5)

12 (8)

14 (4)

0.034

Chronic kidney disease, n (%)

37 (7)

31 (20)

6 (2)

< 0.001

Chronic liver failure, n (%)

3 (1)

0 (0)

3 (1)

0.280

Solid cancer, n (%)

14 (3)

6 (4)

8 (2)

0.207

Hematologic malignancy, n (%)

9 (2)

1 (1)

8 (2)

0.257

Immune mediated disease, n (%)

20 (4)

4 (3)

16 (4)

0.422

Diabetes, n (%)

97 (17)

39 (25)

58 (14)

0.003

Systemic hypertension, n (%)

284 (51)

99 (63)

185 (46)

< 0.001

Antihypertensive drugs, n (%) N = 549

 ACE-inhibitors

346 (63)

81 (53)

256 (67)

0.004

 ARBs

90 (16)

27 (18)

63 (16)

 Others/unknown

113 (21)

46 (30)

67 (17)

Pulmonary hypertension, n (%)

3 (1)

3 (2)

0 (0)

0.005

Atrial fibrillation, n (%)

57 (10)

22 (14)

35 (9)

0.058

OSAS, n (%)

6 (1)

2 (1)

4 (1)

0.766

cPAP at home, n (%)

4 (1)

1 (1)

3 (1)

0.896

Pacing, n (%)

10 (2)

6 (4)

4 (1)

0.022

Any comorbidities, n (%)

404 (72)

128 (82)

276 (69)

0.001

Clinical illness severity

pH, mean (standard deviation)

7.47 (0.05)

7.45 (0.06)

7.47 (0.04)

< 0.001

PaO2/FiO2, mean (standard deviation), mmHg

252 (103)

188 (95)

277 (95)

< 0.001

HCO3−, mean (standard deviation), mEq/L

23 (4)

23 (4)

23 (3)

0.168

D-dimer, mean (standard deviation), mg/L, n = 287

2.7 (5.9)

4.5 (7.8)

1.8 (4.6)

< 0.001

Respiratory support, N = 559

Oxygen delivery, n (%)

    

 Room air

367 (66)

61 (39)

306 (76)

< 0.001

 LFO

189 (34)

93 (60)

96 (24)

Non-invasive ventilation, n (%)

   

 cPAP

2 (0)

1 (1)

1 (0)

Pharmacological treatments

Antivirals; N = 557

202 (36)

47 (30)

155 (39)

0.060

Antibiotic treatment; N = 556

491 (88)

149 (96)

342 (86)

< 0.001

Steroids; N = 553

128 (23)

39 (25)

89 (22)

0.483

Hydroxycloroquine; N = 555

406 (73)

131 (85)

275 (69)

< 0.001

Cloroquine phosphate; N = 554

48 (9)

1 (1)

47 (12)

< 0.001

Immunoglobulins IV; N = 553

2 (0)

0 (0)

2 (1)

0.377

Tocilizumab; N = 553

30 (5)

9 (6)

21 (5)

0.805

Anakinra; N = 552

4 (1)

1 (1)

3 (1)

0.897

Thrombolysis; N = 553

2 (0)

2 (1)

0 (0)

0.023

Anticoagulation; N = 552

379 (69)

135 (87)

244 (62)

< 0.001

Anticoagulant; N = 550

 None

149 (27)

20 (13)

129 (33)

< 0.001

 LMWH

371 (68)

128 (82)

243 (62)

 UFH

2 (0)

1 (1)

1 (0)

 Argatroban

16 (3)

4 (3)

12 (3)

 Fondaparinux

2 (0)

0 (0)

2 (1)

 Salicilic acid

10 (2)

3 (2)

7 (2)

Organ support techniques

CRRT; N = 553

9 (2)

5 (3)

4 (1)

0.064

Complications

All Bacterial overinfections; N = 556

57 (10)

28 (18)

29 (7)

< 0.001

Lung overinfection; N = 556

33 (6)

18 (12)

15 (4)

< 0.001

Blood overinfection; N = 555

17 (3)

5 (3)

12 (3)

0.890

Urinary tract overinfection; N = 555

9 (2)

3 (2)

6 (2)

0.716

Soft tissues overinfection; N = 555

4 (1)

1 (1)

3 (1)

0.896

Abdominal overinfection; N = 555

2 (0)

1 (1)

1 (0)

0.486

Stroke; N = 552

6 (1)

2 (1)

4 (1)

0.773

Venous thromboembolism; N = 552

7 (1)

3 (2)

4 (1)

0.381

Pulmonary thromboembolism; N = 552

9 (2)

6 (4)

3 (1)

0.009

Tracheostomy

7 (1)

2 (1)

5 (1)

0.969

Outcomes

MV duration (days); N = 49

14 (12)

15 (15)

13 (11)

0.544

Limitation of life sustaining measures; N = 549

132 (24)

71 (46)

61 (15)

< 0.001

ICU admission—N = 59

59 (11)

22 (14)

37 (9)

0.089

ICU mortality—N = 59

35 (57)

15 (63)

20 (54)

0.515

ICU LOS; N = 57

17 (14)

16 (14)

18 (14)

0.639

Survivors; N = 23

22 (16)

20 (22)

23 (14)

0.794

Dead; N = 34

14 (10)

14 (8)

14 (12)

0.997

Hospital mortality

180 (32)

91 (58)

89 (22)

< 0.001

Hospital LOS; N = 554

13 (15)

14 (13)

13 (15)

0.305

Survivors; N = 371

14 (16)

21 (15)

13 (16)

< 0.001

Dead; N = 180

10 (10)

9 (7)

12 (11)

0.093

  1. Differences between the 2 subphenotypes were assessed and reported in p value column. Continuous data are expressed as mean (standard deviation), categorical variables as count (relative frequency %). In the presence of missing data, sample size was reported
  2. ACE angiotensin converting enzyme, ARB angiotensin receptor blockers, BMI body mass index, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cPAP continuous positive airway pressure, ICU intensive care unit, LFO low-flow oxygen, LMWH low molecular weight heparin, LOS length of stay, OSAS obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, UFH unfractionated heparin
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Critical Care

ISSN: 1364-8535