Table 1 Demographics and patient characteristics
Overall (N = 452) | Epinephrine bolus ≤ 2 min | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (N = 322) | No (N = 130) | |||
Demographics | ||||
Age | 0.74 | |||
< 1 month | 80 (18%) | 60 (19%) | 20 (15%) | |
1 month—< 1 year | 218 (42%) | 150 (47%) | 68 (52%) | |
1 year—< 12 years | 124 (27%) | 90 (28%) | 34 (26%) | |
> 12 years | 30 (7%) | 22 (7%) | 8 (6%) | |
Weight (kg) | 5.9 [3.6,9.8] | 5.8 [3.7,12.5] | 5.9 [3.6,9.8] | 0.67 |
Male | 242 (54%) | 172 (53%) | 70 (54%) | 1.00 |
Race | 0.65 | |||
White | 195 (43%) | 139 (43%) | 56 (43%) | |
Black or African American | 118 (26%) | 79 (25%) | 39 (30%) | |
Other | 30 (7%) | 20 (6%) | 10 (8%) | |
Unknown or Not Reported | 109 (24%) | 84 (26%) | 25 (19%) | |
Hispanic or Latino | 67 (15%) | 49 (15%) | 18 (14%) | 0.66 |
Preexisting medical conditions | ||||
Respiratory insufficiency | 406 (90%) | 288 (89%) | 118 (91%) | 0.73 |
Congenital heart disease | 289 (64%) | 207 (64%) | 82 (63%) | 0.83 |
Congestive heart failure | 60 (13%) | 35 (11%) | 25 (19%) | 0.02 |
Pulmonary hypertension | 84 (19%) | 60 (19%) | 24 (19%) | 1.00 |
Pneumonia | 53 (12%) | 35 (11%) | 18 (14%) | 0.42 |
Sepsis | 70 (16%) | 59 (18%) | 11 (9%) | 0.01 |
Renal insufficiency | 56 (12%) | 43 (13%) | 13 (10%) | 0.43 |
Malignancy | 17 (4%) | 14 (4%) | 3 (2%) | 0.42 |
Trauma | 9 (2%) | 7 (2%) | 2 (2%) | 1.00 |
Pre-event characteristics | ||||
Illness category | 0.71 | |||
Medical cardiac | 101 (22%) | 67 (21%) | 34 (26%) | |
Medical non-cardiac | 143 (32%) | 104 (32%) | 39 (30%) | |
Surgical cardiac | 179 (40%) | 130 (40%) | 49 (38%) | |
Surgical non-cardiac | 21 (5%) | 16 (5%) | 5 (4%) | |
Trauma | 8 (2%) | 5 (2%) | 3 (2%) | |
PRISM | 3.0 [0.0,10.0] | 5.0 [0.0,11.0] | 3.0 [0.0,7.0] | < 0.001 |
Vasoactive inotropic score | 0.0 [0.0,7.0] | 2.0 [0.0,8.0] | 0.0 [0.0,4.0] | < 0.001 |
Baseline PCPC score | 0.26 | |||
1 | 273 (60%) | 187 (58%) | 86 (66%) | |
2 | 85 (19%) | 69 (21%) | 16 (12%) | |
3 | 44 (10%) | 31 (10%) | 13 (10%) | |
4 | 47 (10%) | 33 (10%) | 14 (11%) | |
5 | 3 (1%) | 2 (1%) | 1 (1%) | |
Baseline FSS | 7.0 [6.0,10.0] | 6.5 [6.0,10.0] | 7.0 [6.0,11.0] | 0.96 |
Interventions/devices in place prior to event | ||||
Central venous catheter | 310 (69%) | 229 (71%) | 81 (62%) | 0.07 |
Invasive mechanical ventilation | 325 (72%) | 238 (74%) | 87 (67%) | 0.17 |
End-tidal CO2 monitoring | 294 (65%) | 217 (67%) | 77 (59%) | 0.10 |
Vasoactive infusion | 245 (54%) | 196 (61%) | 49 (38%) | < 0.001 |
Epinephrine infusion 2 h prior to event | 110 (24%) | 91 (28%) | 19 (15%) | 0.002 |
Arterial catheter | 236 (52%) | 179 (56%) | 57 (44%) | 0.029 |
Non-invasive ventilation | 84 (19%) | 54 (17%) | 30 (23%) | 0.14 |